–

Aspectual Suffixes

CMP – Completed Action

The Completive/Perfective stem indicates a past or future completed action. (CRG: 72-74)

IMM – Immediate Action ('just now')

The Immediate/Punctual stem presents an action that took place in the recent past; it can also be used as a command to express an action that should be done in the near future. (CRG: 69-72)

INC – Incomplete Action

The Incompletive/Imperfective stem indicates that the action is not completed. (CRG: 68-69)

INF – Infinitive ('to do...')

The Infinitive has many different uses; for most of these functions it appears with another verb rather than alone. One of the most common uses of this stem is the Infinitive complement function: to serve as an object to another verb. (CRG: 74-77)

PRC – Present Continuous Action

The Present Continuous stem indicates that an action or state is happening at the time of speaking. (CRG: 67-68)

Clitics

CN – Conjunction Suffix ('and')

The Conjunction postfix serves to link two words together and is often translated as ‘and’; another important function is to announce the topic of the sentence. (CRG 206-208)

CQ – Conducive Question ('don't you...?')

The Conducive Question postfix is used to ask questions to which a ‘yes’ answer is expected. (CRG: 198-199)

CS – Concessive Suffix ('but', 'wonder if')

The Concessive postfix is typically translated as ‘but’. When attached to a question word, it often expresses ‘I wonder’. (CRG: 209)

CS.IMP – Concessive Imperative Suffix

The Concessive Imperative postfix may follow a command to show that the speaker is willing for the person spoken to to perform the action expressed by the verb.

CT – Contrastive Suffix

The Contrastive postfix usually occurs following -sgo to question an assertion. (CRG: 203-204)

DT – Delimiter Suffix ('only')

The Delimiter postfix often has the meaning ‘only’ or ‘just’ and is often emphatic. (CRG: 200-202)

EM – Emphasis Suffix

The Emphatic postfix used to emphasize a word, usually at the beginning of a clause. It is often not translated. (CRG: 204-205)

EQ – Echo Question Suffix

FC – Focus Suffix

The Focus postfix indicates focus on the word to which it attaches. (CRG: 205-206)

OQ – Or' Question Suffix

The 'Or' Question postfix presents a choice between two alternatives. lt also appears on question words either to emphasize the question, as in (85a), or to alter the question itself. (CRG: 198-199)

OS – "Or" Statement

The "Or" Statement postfix is typically translated as ‘or’ and attaches to statements. (CRG: 202-203)

Q – Yes/No Question Suffix

The Yes/No Question postfix appears on the word that is being questioned when a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer is expected. (CRG:199-200)

Derivational Suffixes

ACC:CMP – Completive Accidental Derivational Suffix

ACC:IMM – Immediate Accidental Derivational Suffix

ACC:INC – Incompletive Accidental Derivational Suffix

ACC:INF – Infinitive Accidental Derivational Suffix

AMB – Ambulative Derivational Suffix

AMB:CMP – Completive Ambulative Derivational Suffix

AMB:IMM – Immediate Ambulative Derivational Suffix

AMB:INC – Incompletive Ambulative Derivational Suffix

AMB:INF – Infinitive Ambulative Derivational Suffix

AMB:PRC – Present Continuous Ambulative Derivational Suffix

APL – Applicative Derivational Suffix

APL:CMP – Completive Applicative Derivational Suffix

APL:IMM – Immediate Applicative Derivational Suffix

APL:INC – Incompletive Applicative Derivational Suffix

APL:INF – Infinitive Applicative Derivational Suffix

APL:PRC – Present Continuous Applicative Derivational Suffix

CAUS – Causative Derivational Suffix

CAUS:CMP – Completive Causative Derivational Suffix

CAUS:IMM – Immediate Causative Derivational Suffix

CAUS:INC – Incompletive Causative Derivational Suffix

CAUS:INF – Infinitive Causative Derivational Suffix

CAUS:PRC – Present Continuous Causative Derivational Suffix

DPL – Duplicative Derivational Suffix

DPL:CMP – Completive Duplicative Derivational Suffix

DPL:IMM – Immediate Duplicative Derivational Suffix

DPL:INC – Incompletive Duplicative Derivational Suffix

DPL:INF – Infinitive Duplicative Derivational Suffix

DPL:PRC – Present Continuous Duplicative Derivational Suffix

MLT:CMP – Completive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix

MLT:INC – Incompletive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix

MLT:INF – Infinitive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix

MLT:PRC – Present Continuous Multiplicative Derivational Suffix

MOV:CMP – Completive Movement Derivational Suffix

MOV:IMM – Immediate Movement Derivational Suffix

MOV:INC – Incompletive Movement Derivational Suffix

MOV:INF – Infinitive Movement Derivational Suffix

MOV:PRC – Present Continuous Movement Derivational Suffix

PRI – Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix

PRI:CMP – Completive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix

PRI:IMM – Immediate Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix

PRI:INC – Incompletive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix

PRI:INF – Infinitive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix

PRI:PRC – Present Continuous Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix

PRP – Purpose Derivational Suffix

PRP:CMP – Completive Purpose Derivational Suffix

PRP:IMM – Immediate Purpose Derivational Suffix

PRP:INC – Incompletive Purpose Derivational Suffix

PRP:INF – Infinitive Purpose Derivational Suffix

PRP:PRC – Present Continuous Purpose Derivational Suffix

REP:CMP – Completive Repetitive Derivational Suffix

REP:IMM – Immediate Repetitive Derivational Suffix

REP:INC – Incompletive Repetitive Derivational Suffix

REP:INF – Infinitive Repetitive Derivational Suffix

REP:PRC – Present Continuous Repetitive Derivational Suffix

TRM – Terminative Derivational Suffix

TRM:CMP – Completive Terminative Derivational Suffix

TRM:IMM – Immediate Terminative Derivational Suffix

TRM:INC – Incompletive Terminative Derivational Suffix

TRM:INF – Infinitive Terminative Derivational Suffix

TRM:PRC – Present Continuous Terminative Derivational Suffix

Modal Suffixes

CMF – Completed Future Action

COND.FUT – Conditional Future Action

EXP – Experienced Past Event

FCM – Future Command ('let us...')

HAB – Habitual Action

IND – Indicative Suffix

MOT – In Motion

NDV – Negative Deverbalizer Suffix

NXP – Non-experienced Past Event

PFT – Progressive Future ('is going to...')

Nominal Suffixes

ADJ – Adjective Suffix

AGT – Agentive Suffix

AUG – Augmentative Suffix

CHR – Characterizer Suffix

CVB – Converb Suffix

DIM – Diminutive Suffix

DVB – Deverbalizer Suffix

INT – Intensifier Suffix

LOC – Locative Suffix

NOM – Nominal Suffix

PCP – Participle Suffix

POSS – Possessive Suffix

REAL – Authentic Suffix

Personal Pronouns

I.we – 1st Person Personal Pronoun

POSS.PRO – Possessive Pronoun ('their')

you – 2nd Person Personal Pronoun

Prepronominal Prefixes

ANS – Animate Nonsingular Prefix

For some speakers the Animate Nonsingular (ANS) prepronominal prefix gaa- is used to reference third person nonsingular animate objects; other speakers use the Distributive prefix dee-. (CRG: 117)

COM – Command Prefix ('do ...!')

The Command prepronominal prefix appears with negative commands in certain contexts. (CRG: 113-115)

DST – Distributive Prefix ('many')

The Distributive prepronominal prefix has two forms, DST1 and DST2. Its two basic meanings are to indicate the presence of a nonsingular object or the distribution and/or multiplication of an action. (CRG: 109-113;140; 304-305)

IRR – Irrealis Prefix ('maybe')

The Irrealis prepronominal prefix references an action that has not occurred and/or might occur. One of the most important functions of this prefix is negation. (CRG: 106-109)

ITR – Iterative Prefix ('over and over')

The Iterative prepronominal prefix indicates that an action has been repeated. (CRG: 293-296)

NEG – Negative Prefix ('not')

The GA or Negative prepronominal prefix has several uses. The most common use of this prefix is to indicate that something has not happened for a certain period. (CRG: 297-300)

NI – NI Prefix

The ni- or Partitive prepronominal prefix has two forms: NI1 (PART1) and NI2 (PART2). This prefix has several different functions. (CRG 283-288; 339-340)

REL – Relativizer Prefix

The Relativizer prepronominal prefix primarily indicates that a verb is part of a relative clause. It may also indicate a definite past time frame in which the verb took place. (CRG: 279-282)

TOC – Toward Command Prefix ('go do ...!')

TOW – Toward Prefix

The Toward or Cislocative prepronominal prefix has two forms: TOW1 (CISL1) and TOW2 (CISL2). This prefix indicates an action that is facing or approaching the speaker.

TRNSL – Translocative Prefix ('away from')

The Translocative prepronominal prefix indicates a motion away from the speaker as well as an action that is taking place at a distance from the speaker. (CRG: 104-106)

Pronominal Prefixes

all.of.us – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Pronoun

EMP.PRO – Emphatic Pronoun

I – 1st Person Singular Pronoun

I/AN – 1st Person Animate Pronoun

I.OBJ – 1st Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun

I/them – 1/3PL Combined Local Pronoun

I/you – 1/2SG Combined Local Pronoun

I/you.all – 1/2PL Combined Local Pronoun

I/you.two – 1/2DL Combined Local Pronoun

my – 1st Person Family Pronoun

one – 3rd Person Impersonal Pronoun

s/he/they – 3rd Person Singular Pronoun ('she, he, they, it')

s/he/they.&.I – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Pronoun

s/he/they.&.I/AN – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Animate Pronoun

s/he/they.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Object Focus Pronoun

s/he/they.OBJ – 3rd Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun

they – 3rd Person Plural Pronoun

they>all.of.us – 3PL>1PL.IN Combined Nonsingular Subject

they>him.&.me – 3PL>1DU.EX Combined Nonsingular Subject

they.&.I – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Pronoun

they.&.I/AN – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Animate Pronoun

they.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Object Focus Pronoun

they>me – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 1st Person Singular Object

they.OBJ – 3rd Person Plural Object Focus Pronoun

they>s/he/them – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 3rd Person Singular Object

they>them – 3PL>3PL Combined Nonsingular Subject

they>them.&.me – 3PL>1PL.EX Combined Nonsingular Subject

they>you – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 2nd Person Singular Object

they>you.all – 3PL>2PL Combined Nonsingular Subject

they>you.&.me – 3PL>1DU.IN Combined Nonsingular Subject

they>you.two – 3PL>2DU Combined Nonsingular Subject

we.all/AN – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Animate Pronoun

we.all.OBJ – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Object Focus Pronoun

you.all – 2nd Person Plural Pronoun

you.all/AN – 2nd Person Plural Animate Pronoun

you.all.OBJ – 2nd Person Plural Object Focus Pronoun

you/AN – 2nd Person Animate Pronoun

you/him.&.me – 2/1DL Combined Local Pronoun

you.&.I – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Pronoun

you.&.I/AN – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Animate Pronoun

you.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Object Focus Pronoun

you/me – 2/1SG Combined Local Pronoun

you.OBJ – 2nd Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun

you/them.&.me – 2/1PL Combined Local Pronoun

you.two – 2nd Person Dual Pronoun

you.two/AN – 2nd Person Dual Animate Pronoun

you.two.OBJ – 2nd Person Dual Object Focus Pronoun

Reflexive Prefixes

MDL – Middle Prefix

RFL – Reflexive Prefix